COVID-19 susceptibility and clinical outcomes in inflammatory bowel disease: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis.

The susceptibility, risk factors, and prognosis of COVID-19 in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remain unknown. Thus, our study aims to assess the prevalence and clinical outcomes of COVID-19 in IBD. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and medRxiv from 2019 to 1 June 2022 for cohort and case-control studies comparing the prevalence and clinical outcomes of COVID-19 in patients with IBD and in the general population. We also compared the outcomes of patients receiving and not receiving 5-aminosalicylates (ASA), tumour necrosis factor antagonists, biologics, systemic corticosteroids, or immunomodulators for IBD. Thirty five studies were eligible for our analysis. Pooled odds ratio of COVID-19-related hospitalisation, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, or death in IBD compared to in non-IBD were 0.58 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.28-1.18), 1.09 (95% CI = 0.27-4.47), and 0.67 (95% CI = 0.32-1.42), respectively. Inflammatory bowel disease was not associated with increased hospitalisation, ICU admission, or death. Susceptibility to COVID-19 did not increase with any drugs for IBD. Hospitalisation, ICU admission, and death were more likely with 5-ASA and corticosteroid use. COVID-19-related hospitalisation (Odds Ratio (OR): 0.53; 95% CI = 0.38-0.74) and death (OR: 0.13; 95% CI = 0.13-0.70) were less likely with Crohn's disease than ulcerative colitis (UC). In conclusion, IBD does not increase the mortality and morbidity of COVID-19. However, physicians should be aware that additional monitoring is needed in UC patients or in patients taking 5-ASA or systemic corticosteroids.

The Determinants of Continuance Intention toward Activity-Based Events Using a Virtual Experience Platform (VEP)

The COVID-19 pandemic compelled traditional in-person events to begin transforming into more innovative and safer experiences by utilizing various virtual experience platforms (VEP). This study explores the salient determinants affecting the self-paced hiking or race event attendees' intention to continue attending the event through the use of VEP based on two robust theories: the expectation–confirmation model (ECM) and the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT2) model. Data were collected from 243 event attendees of a self-paced hiking event in South Korea and analyzed using a PLS-SEM approach. The results of this study demonstrate that performance expectancy had the most significant effect on the event attendees' continuance intention to use VEP, followed by satisfaction, hedonic motivation, and price value. The implications of these findings for event firms and organizations utilizing VEP are discussed. [ FROM AUTHOR]